But she said that reports she was a Playboy model are false.
This does not necessarily mean that all results obtained with this model are false, but the inconsistency is certainly a reason for concern.
More generally, Orzack concludes (p. 87): [E]volutionary biologists often use models having assumptions known to be manifestly false or at best of uncertain validity in order to predict evolutionary outcomes.
Similarly, Lord and Novick (1968, p. 383) wrote that it can be taken for granted that every model is false and that we can prove it so if we collect a sufficiently large sample of data.
In other words, these fractal features of many of our models are clearly false of the target systems though the models themselves may still be useful for helping scientists locate interesting dynamics of target systems characterized by prefractal properties.
Cartwright (1983), for instance, presents several case studies illustrating that good models are often false and that supposedly true theories might not help much when it comes to understanding, say, the working of a laser.
An alternative cause for the discrepancies between the modelled data and what we observe is much more fundamental: that CDM does not exist, and the predictions of the standard model relating to it are false.
It is important to note that as optimality is sought, when the predictions are false these models tend to err in one direction more than the other: they are usually overly optimistic with regard to the organism's true capabilities, probably because maximum yield is never completely attained in Nature [ 25, 28, 33, 34].
Therefore, either both models must be false or the data must present some flaws.
We also must expect that some remaining fraction of gene models will be false positives (Wang et al. 2003).
Numerous significant SNPs that were detected using a general linear model (GLM) were false positives (Global GLM in Additional file 4: Figure S2).
