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While modeling anything biological of this complexity will inevitably involve many simplifying assumptions and even the plausible models are ad hoc, I think the authors can present much more details on their model formulation and validation.
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These between-group statistical comparisons were pre-specified in the study protocol; within-group comparisons of changes at endpoint versus baseline from the same models were ad hoc analyses and were not pre-specified.
More to the point, Hawking's cosmological model is ad hoc in the sense that it does not flow from a more comprehensive unification of general relativity quantum theory.
Most of the existing engineering models of cells are ad hoc descriptions based on measurements obtained under particular experimental conditions, and these continuum models usually ignore contributions of subcellular structures and molecular components.
The predicted effects of these various types of mutational interactions on population dynamics are well studied (for reviews, see [ 3- 5]), but in most models the types of interactions are ad hoc because it is not known how well the assumed interactions reflect reality.
Another practice in modelling, which is sensible to uncertainty, are ad hoc assumptions.
But these are ad hoc arrangements.
They are ad hoc funerary structures.
All concepts are ad hoc concepts.
But his role has been ad hoc.
"The detention system is ad hoc.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com