While this potential hindrance has been partially overcome by using over-expression of the mutant gene, and/or worsening of the mutation by increasing the length of the trinucleotide repeat expansion, interpretation of results from such models and extrapolation to the human condition should be cautious.
This might be the most useful prediction model for our relatively young study cohort, as age remains the most important parameter in cardiovascular risk prediction models and extrapolation is not necessary in this model for our relatively young cohort.
"A lot of this is based on modeling and extrapolation and very generous assumptions," said Samantha Joye, a marine scientist at the University of Georgia who has led some of the most important research on the Deepwater Horizon spill.
According to the present data, based on an animal model and extrapolation to humans, the expected radiation exposure in a human study is acceptable.
The finite element modeling and extrapolation procedure for assessment of hot spot stress is a step beyond what engineers normally do in a ship design phase.
Contrary to earlier reports by Horiuchi, Coale, and Mitra, we show that the two methods are consistent and useful in drastically reducing the estimation errors in life expectancy as compared to the conventional approaches, i.e., the classical open age interval model and extrapolation of the death rates.
Challenges inherent to accountability research are vast and include the choice of baseline pollution and health response levels, transboundary pollution from outside the study area, limitations in exposure approaches (e.g., air quality modeling), and extrapolation of epidemiological studies from other populations or geographic areas.
Modelling and extrapolation of the clinical trial data were necessary to quantify the expected costs and benefits of the respective treatment groups.
A major challenge associated with dose response modeling and extrapolation from laboratory to real-world conditions has been to understand under what conditions an organism may compensate for, or recover from, a given perturbation and under what conditions the perturbation will lead to an adverse outcome (Andersen et al. 2005).
