This review provides a historical perspective and context for the evolution of those models and characterization approaches as our understanding of forward osmosis has improved.
To achieve this, it is necessary to combine both theoretical models and characterization techniques that are particularly sensitive to structural modifications.
These scenarios are compared through the simulation of performance degradation models and characterization of several parameters: service life, performance, minimum level of quality, maintenance operations, frequency and costs.
The overall impacts of the evolution of both semi-empirical models and characterization approaches on the field of forward osmosis are discussed.
Various state agencies have either completed or in the process of calibration of distress prediction models and characterization of concrete materials to provide accurate inputs required by Pavement ME design software.
In analyzing models and characterization techniques for DO transfer, we have established that kL a is a suitable single value criterion for comparing performance from the microliter to production scales.
