One major hurdle in the development of more effective therapies is the lack of preclinical models that adequately recapitulate the heterogeneity of PCa, significantly hindering the ability to accurately predict therapeutic response.
Effective, personalized anti-metastatic diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been impeded due to a lack of in vitro models that adequately recapitulate cell invasion/migration mechanisms [ 4, 8– 10] to allow for rapid development of anti-metastatic drugs [ 11– 16].
While significant insights have been gained using traditional in vivo and in vitro models, existing models do not adequately recapitulate key structure and functions of human DCIS well.
Particularly, the currently used animal models, typically acute or subacute neurotoxic models, might not adequately recapitulate the pathogenesis of the slower progressive neurodegenerative process in humans.
Preclinical studies have been limited by the use of xenograft models that do not adequately recapitulate the immune system of a clinically relevant host.
First, animal models, such as CFTR knockout mice, ferrets, pigs, and rats, still have not allowed researchers in the field to adequately recapitulate the natural history of CF lung disease as seen in patients, and particularly the central role played by neutrophils.
However, iPSC-CMs studied to date resemble immature embryonic myocytes and therefore do not adequately recapitulate native adult cardiomyocyte phenotypes.
However, most current models are limited to the dermal compartment of the skin that contains MM nests consisting of only few cells and therefore do not adequately recapitulate melanoma metastases.
It is likely that laboratory culture conditions don't adequately recapitulate the selective pressures experienced by wild flies.
Although Dcx-/ mice have minor neuronal abnormalities [ 21, 45], they do not adequately recapitulate the human disease.
