The models are identical in horizontal representation, but model A applies a vertical finite difference method and model B a vertical spectral method.
In the outer level of the model, we optimize the horizontal alignment and in the inner level of the model a vertical alignment optimization problem considering earthwork allocation is solved for a fixed horizontal alignment.
We test the price-competition algorithm in several theoretical frameworks such as the Hotelling model, a vertical differentiation model or a two-sided market.
Motivated by the unprecedented availability of consumer information on the Internet, we characterize the winners and losers from potential privacy regulation in the context of four commonly-used oligopoly models: a linear city model, a circular city model, a vertical differentiation model, and a multi-unit symmetric demand model.
Using this model, a vertical profile of the ion production rate is computed for each input electron spectrum shown in the top panel of Fig. 1 (100 total).
In the former model, a vertical load was applied to the left canine with the restriction of nodes on the bottom of the mandible (Fig. 2a).
The temperature prediction of the model was verified with available analytical models for a vertical onshore well.
The numerical method considers a combination of Carter's two-dimensional contact theory, a two-dimensional elastic plastic finite element model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track.
The numerical method considers a combination of Kalker's rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a linear frictional work model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track.
