A frequent criticism of this approach is that different ENM methods (algorithms) and palaeoclimatic simulations, which are based on different modelling assumptions or types of training data, produce different predictions [ 13].
For example, one can be influenced by peers (verbally, actively or through modelling), and these types of influences can play a role in people's decision to behave in a certain manner [ 20– 20].
According to our prelimiary modelling studies, certain types of cheater mutants, with the slightest fitness advantage are capable to produce a local collapse, however we feel that the evaluation of fitness in an open, heterogeneous environments may require a more careful studies.
Forest sector models and forest management Decision Support Systems (DSS) are two major types of modelling tools that can be used for providing model-based support to forest policy development.
For the second session, the input was an overview of the modelling process and the general types of models, to provide some information to the experts with limited exposure to economic modelling.
In general, the greatest advantages DES has to offer are that it allows the analyst to model more complex and dynamic systems compared with other types of modelling and that it permits experiments that might not otherwise be feasible ("what if?" scenarios) and may provide additional support for expected value of information (EVPI) analyses.
This is particularly relevant when choosing the most appropriate spatial units and identifying which types of modelling approaches are compatible (e.g., which biophysical models can be combined) [19].
The objectives of this paper, therefore, were to elicit expert opinion about calf welfare as part of a semantic modelling-type 'validation' study addressing the above-mentioned aspects of the Risk Assessment (RA) approach developed in the calf EFSA report [ 8, 9].
The capabilities and the characteristics of the methods that underpin these four types of modelling and analysis tools are firstly investigated.
To this end, three types of modelling paradigms (namely a constant-efficiency method, a polynomial-based method and a semi-empirical method) are compared both in terms of their fitting and extrapolation capabilities.
