There are challenges to modelling in policy appraisal, such as the subjectivity of the modeller and flexibility to specific conditions, which must be kept transparent for the model to be a relevant tool for policy making.
Treasury has been on about strategic tax reform for a while, they also have been seriously modelling climate policy options since 2007 (I provided background on science and benefits of avoided damages).
Regardless of the modelling tool, policy makers and other concerned actors need to be aware of the behavioral assumptions, or implications, of a scenario in order to proceed to an assessment of what it takes to achieve, alternatively avoid it.
It is demonstrated how a domain specific language can be used to abstract the financial platform into a data stream based information model to reduce policy modelling complexity and deployment latencies through an innovative policy mapping language usable by both expert and non-expert users.
For an extensive review of modelling maintenance policies, (Nakagawa 2008) can be helpful.
Modelling security policies that capture the SecureDIS main properties is useful to demonstrate how access to data can be controlled by several conditions, as explained in Sect.
Finally, whilst the model can be improved, the current results show promise and demonstrate that the use of a combination of regional scale and local scale models can provide a practical modelling tool for policy development at intergovernmental, national and local authority level, as well as for use in epidemiological studies.
The paper is intended to give a comprehensive state-of-the-art update of modelling results and policy efforts in the EU, which can be useful to inform future research as well as policy discussions on the topic.
A considerable effort has been made, both in academic and corporate research, to generate modelling frameworks simulating policy impacts on complex dynamics: from traffic studies [1] to epidemic diffusion [2], [3], [4], [5], to policy impact studies [6], [7], [8], [9].
Conclusions were drawn on the environmental performances of OFSs and CFSs, the impact of EU policies on sustainability of agriculture, opportunity costs of environmental benefits and on the practical use of the modelling framework for policy design.
Such data would usefully contribute to our knowledge of freight transport, both from a qualitative standpoint and from the perspectives of modelling and public policy decision support.
