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In the case of GMM-UBM modelling, likelihood ratio calculation is performed at the frame level initially with each frame of the offender recording producing a single likelihood ratio.
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In other areas of multivariate statistics the role of model-based analyses is also central e.g. missing data modelling using maximum likelihood.
Observational studies typically use multivariate analytical approaches, using maximum likelihood based modelling methods to try to adjust estimates of relative risk for these biases.
To investigate whether the rates of phenotypic change differ among different life-history traits, we fitted the following model to data from the empirical and modelling studies separately (Models 2 and 3): (2) Both models were fitted by maximum-likelihood method and reduced stepwise using likelihood-ratio comparisons with χ statistics as suggested by Crawley (2007).
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The initial modelling results show that the likelihood of injection induced fault reactivation is exceedingly small, due to the very small pressure increases associated with injection (∼ 0.05 MPa after about 100 days of injection during the Stage 2C experiment).
This approach uses a non-linear mixed modelling approach where the general likelihood has been programmed directly using the SAS software (version 9.3) [ 40].
Matrix modelling [4], resampling techniques [10] and likelihood approaches [33] are increasingly commonly used in ecology.
Genetic analyses using a structural equation modelling approach and full information maximum likelihood estimation with raw ordinal data were undertaken with the software package Mx [ 38].
The hazard identification and the consequence modelling steps, especially the quantification of the likelihood and consequences, have been designed specifically.
A daily hydrological modelling framework based on two conceptual model structures and the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology has been applied to 70 catchments across the UK.
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