While the broad concept of attraction has the advantage of being more general (Claidière et al. 2014), it seems to unnecessarily replace a series of concepts, such as direct and indirect biases, which have already been formally and extensively modelled and in many cases have strong empirical support.
Fatigue research is an excellent example: many of the components of fatigue that patients describe lack of motivation, increased cognitive problems and decreased motivation to be social can be modelled in animals, and many are typical components of what is studied in animals as 'sickness behaviour' [4].
In the second approach, alignment subdivision, the missing data is statistically modelled in order to retain as many sequences as possible in the phylogenetic analysis.
Representational Issue: In many ML problems, the true unknown hypothesis cannot be truly modelled in the hypothesis space.
In many fisheries sharing information between vessels is an important characteristic of fishermen's behaviour rarely modelled or analyzed.
Notably, spatial arrangement of these key segments in modelled BAHBAHD1 structure underscored the role of an aromatic cage consisting of Y645, W667, and Y669 for H3K27me3 readout, a mechanism conserved in many other methyllysine readers (Patel and Wang 2013).
In many of the structure determinations fluoroalkyl chains are described as disordered over two orientations with carbon and fluorine atoms modelled using isotropic displacement parameters.
In many cases, compression can be considered a necessary simplifying assumption for the modelling exercise, but in other cases, heterogeneity must be explicitly modelled to avoid the phenomenon of confounding.
In addition, many model parameters are in fact not elementary biochemical parameters but subsume several processes which are not modelled in detail.
