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Here the variation in the mental health score was modelled by random intercept terms for households, LSOAs and unitary authorities, and a random error term for individuals.
In each case, the trait measured in F2 offspring was modelled by random effects for clonal line and subline nested within clonal line.
In the initial 'null' three-level model of random intercepts, the variation in the mental health score was modelled by random intercept terms for wards and unitary authorities and an individual random error term.
In general, it is important to note that for logistic regression, the population averaged model (fitted using GEE) and the cluster specific method (modelled by random effects models) are in fact estimating different population models.
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The marginal model expresses averaged relationships without taking into account the fact that the same subjects are considered at each time point, whereas the random-effects model gives relationships conditionally on having certain individual characteristics modelled by the random effects.
Several preparation methods of catalyst or catalyst support are modelled by random-process simulations that produce selfsimilar structures of fractal nature.
In this paper, the supercritical carbonation process of cement-based materials is modelled by introducing a random porosity field to simulate the heterogeneous geometry of the carbonation profile.
Correlation among repeated measurements at different visits on the same patient was modelled by including a common random effect in the aforementioned model.
The properties of the risk index are investigated by a Monte Carlo study, where the paths are modelled by means of Gaussian random fields.
They demonstrated that this community could be accurately modelled by drawing species at random from a defined pool of British breeding woodland bird species.
The road irregularity is considered a Gaussian random process and modelled by means of a simple exponential PSD.
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