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Alternatively, one could adjust for the individual strata, formed by all combinations of the covariates, using a logistic regression model with the strata modelled as either fixed or random effects.
To estimate how such phenomena affects structural reliability the structural resistance of reinforcement is modelled as either (i) perfectly ductile parallel system or (ii) perfectly brittle parallel system.
In addition, the calibration points were modelled as either normal distributions (soft bounds) or uniform ranges (hard bounds).
It was modelled as either constant over the period [ T0 min, T0 max] (eqn 4) or as a function of the weeds' flowering area at date t (A t), eqn 5).
The stenotic plaque can be modelled as either hypercellular plaque or calcified plaque depending on its composition.
In the base case scenario simulated patients, with characteristics based on published UK data, were modelled as either initiating insulin immediately or delaying for 8 years.
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The geophysical signal retrieved by Swarm is mainly hydrology because the tides are modelled and the non-tidal atmospheric and ocean gravity field variations are either modelled (as is the case with the ASU and IfG solutions) or shown to have no significant influence in the solutions of AIUB (cf. Jäggi et al. 2014, Figure 4, for the case of GOCE).
In the FLO-2D modeling system, channel flow is 1D with the channel geometry represented by either rectangular or trapezoidal cross sections; meanwhile, the overland flow is modelled 2D as either sheet flow or flow in multiple channels (FLO-2D Software, 2012).
These connections are either modelled as 1∶1, 1∶n or m∶n relations, depending on the nature of the data.
The intervention was modelled as being maintained for either 5 or 10 years.
The hazard of failure at time t for patient i is modelled as where h0 t) is either a parametric or semi-parametric baseline hazard function, α is a parameter measuring the association between the observed longitudinal measurement and the hazard of failure at time t, and x i is a vector of further explanatory variables with regression parameters β.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com