One-dimensional compressional rheology has been used to model processes such as filtration and sedimentation, and the field is being extended to centrifugation, drying and vacuum filtration currently.
"While scientists often rely on quantum mechanics in their study of materials, engineers tend to use a more traditional continuum approach that relies on empirical parameters to model processes such as a crack forming, without considering the mechanisms at the atomic scale that give rise to these phenomena," said Buehler.
To understand and model processes, such as the phosphate cycle, requires information at the molecular level over seconds (solubility, diffusion and uptake), kilometre level over years (transportation and availability) and planetary level over geological time (mineral formation, extractability).
The phase-reduction method has been applied to a number of important biological systems, including the study of travelling waves in chains of weakly coupled oscillators that model processes such as the generation and control of rhythmic activity in central pattern generators (CPGs) underlying locomotion [233, 234] and peristalsis in vascular and intestinal smooth muscle [213].
Since this inhibition factor models processes such as mitochondrial uncoupling and/or inhibition of ETC components by superoxide, this can be interpreted as a drop in total usable metabolic energy flux by approximately 50% with respect to WT (from 0.62 to 0.29, where a factor of 1.0 corresponds to the theoretical maximum obtained without any feedback inhibition (n = 0)).
The observed oscillations were accounted for by including in their model processes such as protein folding, multimerization, and DNA looping.
Although promising, these approaches are often hampered by the large amounts of input data required, as well as fundamental uncertainties in model processes such as market elasticities and local land management practices.
We may know that weeds are one of the main factors that influence profitability and are affected by land-use rotation, and so we want to represent in the model processes such as weed germination, weed population dynamics, effects of weed management such as tillage, and competition between weeds and crop.
Of note, ODE models are extensively used to model biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune responses towards specific pathogens, autoimmune processes or intracellular activation of specific cellular pathways [ 1– 3].
They represent bio-inspired architectures which can be exploited to model biological processes such as the binding problem and selective attention.
