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The global structure was modeled with shell elements.
The honeycomb geometry and strain gages were modeled with shell elements.
This paper presents procedures for efficient design sensitivity analysis for shape memory alloy (SMA) structures modeled with shell elements.
Deck, girders, and stiffeners were modeled with shell elements, and cap and columns were modeled using continuum solid elements.
Frame elements with six degrees of freedom at each node are used to model the columns, bent caps and girders; the deck and diaphragms are modeled with shell elements.
The epidermal cell wall surface was modeled with shell elements, designed to handle thin curved surfaces.
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Having distinct anisotropic mechanical properties for two regions, the fabric is modelled with shell elements with thicknesses identical to those of the bond points and fibre matrix.
An extensive topology optimization activity has been performed both on fixture-workpiece systems modelled with shell elements and on fixture-workpiece systems modelled with solid elements, varying the topology design variables and/or optimization constraints for each optimization problem, in order to provide a new design of fixture.
The sheet region far from the rivet has been modelled with shell elements with 4 nodes and 6 dofs per node and connected to solid elements with constraint equations that guarantee displacements and rotations compatibility between interfaces.
To illustrate more a three-dimensional model of a cantilever beam of hollow square cross section resembling a tube is modeled with thin shell element in SAP 2000 (Fig. 2).
In the model, these calcified zones were modeled with stiff shell elements at the aortic-facing surface of the valve, the predominant site of clinical disease [27].
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