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Ice cream crystallization processes can be modeled by some population and energy balance equations.
First, the performances of application, physical, MAC, and network layers are modeled by some classical models under reasonable assumptions.
As an example, the medial layer of a human abdominal aorta is investigated, modeled by some of the proposed polyconvex functions and compared with experimental data.
As we will mention later, the converse property, that each meaning assignment's validity-refuting power is modeled by some structure, is also a natural but more demanding requirement on a notion of structure.
These arguments thus question the claim that each meaning assignment's validity-refuting power is modeled by some set-theoretic structure, a claim which is surely a corollary of the first implication in (5).
First, all applications are assumed to require sensing coverage and network connectivity continuously; Second, a random dense deployment of sensors is always assumed possible; And third, the sensing ranges can be easily modeled by some sensing circles.
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Foreground regions are thus defined as those that cannot be modelled by some composition of some warping of these background layers.
In mobile communication, since the radio channel is modelled by some dominant spare paths and is represented by path taps, the channel estimation is to estimate and track the channel taps adaptively and efficiently.
PMU IED is modeled by adding some new logical nodes and data objects to the existing IEC 61850 compliant merging units (MUs) which are normally used in substations.
To reflect the presence of immunity due to previous exposure to related influenza strains among individuals aged 53 and over, resistance to pH1N1 was modeled by moving some individuals from the susceptible to the resistant compartment at time zero.
In these models, the distance between crossovers is modeled by a random variable with some distribution.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com