More specifically, the RAS model includes site-specific substitution rates, modeled as random variables following a gamma distribution.
An efficient procedure for the reliability analysis of frame structures with respect to the buckling limit state is proposed under the assumption that no imperfections are present and that the elastic parameters are uncertain and modeled as random variables.
The station coordinates, the radio source coordinates, and the EOP are all modeled as random walk processes.
Unless otherwise stated, the actual CFO values for the two users are modeled as random variables uniformly distributed between [−0.5, 0.5].
Because of the association among the failure time data that might exist within different matches, these were modeled as random effect [ 10].
The intercept, postfiltration slope, and error terms were all modeled as random effects with normal distributions; other parameters were treated as fixed effects.
Blocking was modeled as random sequential adsorption (RSA).
In this paper, the effect-sizes are modeled as random effects with t distributions.
The uncertainties for this specific interaction problem are identified and modeled as random variables with appropriate distributions.
The actuator failures are modeled as random variables by using the semi-Markov jump model for the first time.
Stochastic finite element-based reliability analysis is applied to structures with distributed parameters that can be modeled as random fields.
