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The columns and walls were modeled by the multi-axial spring model with fiber elements as shown in Fig. 4.
The numerical implementation of the introduced model with fiber orientation tensors calculates about eight times faster than the same model calculating with 1000 fiber orientation vectors.
Figure 5 a shows the difference of the calculation times of a discrete model with 1000 fibers, and the model with fiber orientation tensors with the quadratic closure (Doi 1981) relative to the model with the IBOF closure (Chung et al. 2002).
In particular, we use the three-dimensional TNNP model with fiber rotation and consider both conduction and ionic inhomogeneities.
Our study here extends considerably the results of Refs. [2], [3] by using the three-dimensional TNNP model with fiber rotation.
To perform a detailed, systematic, study of scroll-wave dynamics in the TNNP model, with fiber rotation, transmural heterogeneity and different types of inhomogeneities, such as the ones we have given above, lies beyond the scope of this paper.
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To simulate the structural responses of the specimens with severe geometric and material nonlinearity, a component-based joint model was proposed and incorporated into macromodel-based finite element analysis in which beams were modeled with fiber elements.
We created three-dimensional finite-element models of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles based on magnetic resonance (MR) images, and compared the fiber excursions predicted by the finite-element models with fiber excursions predicted by lumped-parameter models of these muscles.
To assess the effect of torsion on the nonlinear seismic response of RC cores, a wide-column model (WCM) with fiber elements is used.
We use a geometrically accurate rabbit ventricular model with realistic fiber architecture that also includes the blood in the cavities and a perfusing bath.
A unit-cell micromechanical model with four fiber and matrix subcells, is formulated to homogenize the heat conduction and viscoelastic responses of the FRP composites.
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