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Since the measurements were on different scales, all variables in the path model were standardized.
Because all variables in the model were standardized, coefficients measure the difference in the log odds of phenotype association attributed to an increase of one standard deviation in the covariate when the others remain fixed.
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In the late 1990s, the E-model was standardized by the ITU-T as Recommendation G.107 [25].
Chest compressions in animal models are standardized and are usually delivered mechanically.
Overall, the phenotypes we consider in our prediction models are standardized residuals of the (log-transformed for HDL) measurements for each trait.
All continuous model variables were standardized around their means for computational efficiency and to improve model fit.
Note that all model covariates Vj,t,l were standardized before modeling so that, for a given covariate, a − 2, 0 or 2 value respectively refers to a very low, average or very high observed value.
For these adjusted models, continuous variables were standardized for analysis of associations with outcome to compare their relative importance.
Three calibration models were examined: a univariate model with a sum of six monitorized ions and a three-way PARAFAC-based model (the analyte scores were standardized on the basis of the scores of the internal standard).
However, to minimize the possible effects of different performance between MZ and DZ twins on model fitting, all scores were standardized by zygosity.
In multivariate models, all exposure variables were standardized by subtracting each observation from the variable mean and dividing the difference by the standard deviation.
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