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In our model we let the units contain a certain (possibly unbounded) charge, which can be exchanged with other neurons under stochastic dynamics.
In our model, we let concealment costs capture costs associated with concealing taxable income due to third-party reporting or even morality, guilt, or shame.
To apply the physical model, we let the SINR threshold be the case that the packet error rate is, that is,, where is the bit error rate of DBPSK [26].
In the model we let β = cp and β' = cp'.
For the latter model, we let the regression coefficient between reservoir and virus-carrying index be 1.00.
In the second model, we let Y be a binary outcome variable and X be a normally distributed covariate.
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The difference is that in standard models we let plural variables range over the full power set of $D$, whereas plural variables range over a set $S$ of non-empty subsets of $D$, provided only that $S$ contains all sets definable by some formula.
As Romer points out in his notes, this can be reinterpreted as an open-economy model if we let capital flows be influenced by the exchange rate (most international econ types tend to think in terms of stocks rather than flows, but it doesn't really matter here), so that a lower interest rate leads to currency depreciation.
To explore the relative risks between different car makes we build a model where we let the car mass, change of speed, design of the car and the driver's age and sex explain the injury outcome in the crashes.
For model (2.1), we let m = frac{a}{bc},qquad upsilon = tau bc,qquad u(t) = cXbiggl( frac{t}{bc}biggr).
In Model 2, we let k1 = 0 so that there was no positive feedback.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com