Overall in cross-validation using family assignment (CV2) where relatedness between CV sets did not exceed those of half-sibs, prediction accuracies decreased sharply (e.g. 0.12 – 0.41 for BG1 and S1 with RR) for all models, traits and subpopulations (Table 5), compared with those in CV1, i.e. cross-validation where individuals were assigned to the various sets (Table 4).
From the measured metabolite concentrations, we chose three highly heritable substances as model traits: dopamine, ribitol, and an unknown metabolite (719700-204).
Structural equation models (SEM) are used to model multiple traits and the casual links among them.
Structural equation models or SEM [ 1, 2] are used to model multiple traits and functional links among them, which may be interpreted as causal relationships.
The P + K model, which corrected for both kinship and population structure (using PCoA results) appeared to be the most conservative model across traits and showed the lowest tendency toward false positives (Additional file 4).
A comparison was made between S-MGS versus animal models and univariate versus multi-trait models between traits and parities.
Our simulator uses a modular architecture to allow the user to flexibly specify recombination maps, mutation rates, demographic models, quantitative traits and fitness functions.
Pesticide resistance is a major concern in natural populations and a model trait to study adaptation.
This suggests that the conventional animal model is the most relevant model for growth traits and that social effects either do not exist, or their effects are too small to be detected in our experimental design.
Studying a mathematical model of trait and rate evolution, we show that the special nature of substitution rates can lead to a severe loss of power for standard comparative methods.
