Later on, their basic solution has been improved by proposing to model the sphere constraint in a reduced domain or by introducing efficient symbols' enumeration algorithm [23].
Different typologies of FEs were used (Fig. 2): (1) plate elements to model the sphere walls and the vertical legs; (2) truss elements to model the X-braces; (3) solid elements to model the foundations and the connections between vertical legs and X-braces.
However, in contrast to the previous model, the air spheres are now distributed only on the surface of the Au half-sphere, thus, forming surface dents, while the interior of the nanoparticle is solid gold, as sketched in Figure 4 b (left).
In fact, the lower-order model predicts the sphere result within the error of measurement (model prediction = 63% decrease to the sphere, relative to the back-of-the-head view).
However, the previous model, the single-sphere model, assumes no coating regions in the Dancoff factor predictions.
A new mathematical model, the dual-sphere model, is proposed to analytically evaluate Dancoff factors of TRISO fuel kernels based on the chord method.
Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results obtained through the improved model, the rolling sphere method and the Cooray model is performed.
In this model, the inner sphere represents the brain, the intermediate layer represents the skull, and the outer layer represents the scalp [37].
A parallel-scalable, isotropic, scale-selective spatial filter was developed for the cubed-sphere spectral element model on the sphere.
The semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit shallow water model on the sphere using the reduced latitude longitude grid is presented.
