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Spring elements were used to model the soil.
The Drucker Prager/Cap model implemented in ABAQUS is used to model the soil compaction.
In their model, the soil was modeled using nonlinear springs and the pile as a beam column element.
The spring elements used to model the soil were presumed to be linear springs with constant modulus of subgrade reaction.
To overcome these drawbacks some authors proposed to model the soil as a collection of spheres.
In the third model, the soil respiration rate is the function of soil temperature and soil water content (Saiz et al. 2006; Sheng et al. 2010).
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In the lumped-parameter soil model, the soil-structure interaction is simulated with translational, rotational, and their coupling spring system acting at centroid of spread foundation at the footing base level while in the Winkler soil model, the soil-structure interaction is simulated with continuous spring system (Winkler) along embedded depth of tower pier and underneath the spread foundation.
In this study, a neural network algorithm has been used to model the soil-structure interaction behavior of deep excavations in clays.
The ShallowFoundationGen (Raychowdhury and Hutchinson 2008) command is used to model the soil-foundation interface with lesser inputs from the user reducing the manual task of defining each element of the soil-foundation system.
In the lumped-parameter soil model, the soil-structure interaction is simulated with translational, rotational, and their coupling linear springs acting at the centroid of the spread foundation at footing base level.
Recent studies have shown that the discrete element modelling (DEM) can effectively be used to model the soil-tool interaction if both an appropriate contact model and DEM parameters are used.
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