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Once the optimal number and discretization of the beams were defined, three different options to model the cross-section of the beams were compared: the cases of 23, 42 and 52 integration points to model the reinforcing bars and cover and core concrete were considered.
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In smeared element modelling, the reinforcement is spread along the macroelement by assigning a reinforcement ratio, whereas in discrete bar element modelling, the reinforcing bar is modelled as one-dimensional line element with the assigned bar diameter.
For the finite element (FE) analysis, plate bond elements were adopted to model the reinforced concrete with corroded rebar.
For the finite element analysis in this study, plate bond elements were adopted to model the reinforced concrete with corroded rebar.
In the proposed model, the reinforced concrete in the joint panel is idealized as a homogenous material in a plane stress state.
Three types of elements were used in the full bridge model: (1) the four-nodded, shell elements were used to model the bridge deck, (2) three-nodded beam elements were used to model the I-shaped steel girders, and (3) two-nodded beam elements were used to model the reinforced concrete abutment and piles.
Based on the results of an ordinal logistic regression model, the reinforced masonry house with clay tile roof, it is located between 8.1 and 10 km from the epicentre of the 2006 earthquake and was built on young Merapi volcanic deposits has higher probability of building damaged.
The second option for modeling the reinforcing bars is to model them as a discrete element which is attached to the concrete elements.
Herein, a new finite element method for discrete crack analysis, which models the reinforcing bars as discrete bar elements and uses interface elements to allow for the bond slip, is developed.
The nonlinear material model for the reinforced and prestressed concrete comprises models for concrete and models for the reinforcing bars and tendons.
The nonlinear material model for the reinforced and prestressed concrete (PSC) comprises models for concrete and models for the reinforcing bars and tendons.
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