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With this model, the index changes in direct proportion to changes in all three factors.
In this model, the index is a measure of an underlying construct which is thought to influence the indicators.
In a formative measurement model, the index is measuring a construct which is influenced by the indicators.
Combining unigrams and bigrams through a multiple linear regression model, the index was 83.95 % and that of the human evaluators was 84.93 %.
Together with his son, Clifford Cobb, he developed an alternative model, the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), which sought to "consolidate economic, environmental, and social elements into a common framework to show net progress".
In the multivariate model the index was treated as a continuous linear variable.
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The proposed alternative phenotypic models, such as the network model, the mutualism model, and the index variable view, do not necessarily appeal to causal latent traits.
In addition, to describe and compare the predictive performance of each multivariable model, the concordance index (c index) was calculated using a Harrel's method [19], [20].
Again, log transformation did not improve the model for the index of deprivation score, so the untransformed continuous score was included in the final model.
Socio economic vulnerability was measured in three of the four indexes: the Rural Birth Index, the Trauma Model and the Index of Rural Access.
By using simplified process models the indices were calculated and compared to literature values for gate-to-gate energy consumption.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com