The finite element (FE) models of test specimens were developed and validated against experimental results.
Based on the absorption coefficients, laboratory tests using a 1 10 scale model of the test specimens were designed.
Beside, three-dimensional FEM models of the test specimens were constructed and analysed.
Meso-scale models of the test specimens are established, in which the random distribution of needling regions and the uncertain properties of needling regions are considered.
The proposed model was applied to test specimens possessing various design parameters.
Finite element modelling (FEM) of the test specimens (HS and CB) was verified with the experimental results for further analysis.
Finite element modelling (FEM) of the test specimens (HS, CS and CB) was verified with the experimental results.
In the analytical study, finite element models of the four test specimens are developed to predict the hysteretic behaviour and the stress distribution.
The proposed model was applied to existing test specimens.
For verification, the proposed strength model was applied to existing test specimens tested by other researchers.
