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In all relevant model systems tested thus far, mutating or deleting a part of the TTSS significantly decreases the virulence of the affected pathogen.
Active WNT5A signalling alters cancer cell bioenergetics in the model systems tested.
Dietary restriction (DR) is known to increase lifespan in almost all model systems tested.
Many other investigators, throughout the world, have confirmed this observation in all the other model systems tested.
Dietary restriction (DR) is the only intervention that can consistently increase life span and delay onset of age-related diseases in most of the model systems tested [ 1].
Inherent differences in gene expression profiles in the two model systems tested may also be responsible for the differences in chemo-responsiveness, and will be further investigated in the laboratory.
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Our anti-β-glucan IgG mAb did not show opsonic potential in the macrophage model system tested.
The recognition of biologically relevant pathways in gene expression profiles derived from amplified RNA in the model system tested here confirms for the first time that the amplification of bacterial RNA may be used successfully in bacterial transcriptomics.
In this work, we use the convergent evolution of C4 photosynthesis in grasses as a model system, testing for preexisting differences in the suitability of gene family members for recruitment into a novel function within a complex biochemical pathway.
In the same way that weather systems and other nonlinear phenomena test the limits of simple physical models, sociotechnical systems test the limits of simple cognitive and organisation models.
We address three issues in our discussion: (i) validity of the assay protocols that we have used; (ii) interpretation of the specific results for the substances that we have tested here; and (iii) general questions concerning the use of model systems for testing the chronic effects of substances that are used medically or recreationally for long periods by human subjects.
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