Furthermore, the functions of IL-4 in swine cannot be inferred from results in model systems such as the mouse.
To study genetic determinants, model systems such as the Naples rat lines, i.e. Naples high (NHE) and low excitability (NLE), are useful.
These analyses include an examination of autophagy in new model systems, such as planaria, hydra, and ticks as described in the chapter.
Significant advances have been made in ALS and other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease using model systems such as rodents, flies and worms to better understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapies.
Large-scale behavioral screens in otherwise popular model systems such as mice are not feasible due to cost constraints.
Further progress will be facilitated by in vivo analysis of glial mechanisms in genetic model systems such as Drosophila.
Molecularly-tractable model systems such as Xenopus laevis and planaria offer an unprecedented opportunity to dissect the mechanisms determining the complex structure of the brain and CNS.
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming a fast and cost-effective method to pinpoint molecular lesions in mutagenized genetic model systems, such as Caenorhabditis elegans.
In some model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster germline stem cells (GSCs), mitotic spindles are oriented toward the adherens junction formed between stem cells and the niche component [4] [6].
This 'signaling cassette' is highly conserved in evolution, and many of the discoveries piecing together the molecular connections between components of this cassette were concurrently performed in multiple model systems such as Drosophila and mice, leading to equivalent results.
Studies using genetic model systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have led to a greater understanding of mechanisms important for oxygen deprivation response and survival [15], [22], [23], [24].
