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The inhibition strength of cellulases measured on low-Mw model substrates does not necessarily reflect the inhibition strength on cellulose substrates [ 26].

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The inhibition strength measured for GH7 CBHs with low molecular-weight model substrates did not correlate with that measured with C-cellulose substrates.

However, CBHs and EGs are often characterized with different impractical model substrates that do not mimic the real biomass in biorefineries [ 7].

The distinction is less clear for the t-DPPO(1) model; the orientation of the substrate does not suggest a preference in the regioselectivity of nucleophilic attack, as the difference between the Oδ2 C(1) and Oδ2 C(2) distances is small (∼0.1 Å).

We established that only the "bound-substrate model" fits with the majority of experimental data, whereas the "free-substrate model" does not.

This observation agrees with previous work [ 35] which suggested that "model" substrates used to detect enzyme activity do not necessarily predict their hydrolytic performance on heterogeneous lignocellulosic materials.

Additionally, the assessment of refolding activity of a model substrate such as luciferase does not necessarily correlate well with the in vivo refolding activity required for survival of heat stress.

However, the latter 3 mutations did not inhibit the cleavage of the other 2 model substrates to detectable levels.

These concerns with substrate do not apply to the oxamate models (although the uncertainty in cofactor state still remains).

Three approaches can be used to overcome this: (i) measurement of the initial rates of substrate consumption instead of product formation [ 24]; (ii) measurement of the hydrolysis rate with a method that does not rely on measuring the concentration of the substrate or product; and (iii) the use of model substrates, whose conversion can be followed independently of the added products.

It does not seem to be due to intrinsically low activity, because the Km and kcat of AxlA on model substrates were comparable to other glycoside hydrolases [ 6].

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