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Among polymeric model substrates, cellulose derivatives, in which hydroxyls are randomly substituted with chromo- or fluorophores (dyed cellulose), can be used [ 22, 23].
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Most cellulosomal composition and expression studies have only investigated growth on two model substrates (crystalline cellulose and cellobiose) with the exception of the work by Zverlov and Schwarz [30] which also included barley beta-glucan and xylan in combination with cellulose.
The reason for this difference may lie in the different modes of action used by CBHs with low-Mw model substrates and cellulose and therefore the different types of inhibition [ 32].
Avicel is used extensively in enzymatic studies as a model substrate for cellulose.
The reason for this may lie in different modes of action of cellulases on low-Mw model substrates and on cellulose [ 32] and in the experimental conditions used to measure enzyme inhibition [ 33].
By comparing conventional model substrates with α-cellulose, CBHs and EGs showed similar cellulase activities only on insoluble α-cellulose.
After the adsorption and activity of purified cellulases at various hydrodynamic conditions were studied with α-cellulose, the cellulase activities on different artificial model substrates and on α-cellulose were finally compared.
Enzyme activities can be obtained from manufacturer's data or measured on different substrates (cellulose model substrates) using standard laboratory methods [ 64].
Here, we characterize the main T. reesei cellulases along with N188BG in terms of inhibition by IOS using both low Mw model substrates and C-labeled cellulose substrates.
Another commonly used technique is to characterize and evaluate distribution of enzymes based on their activities on model substrates such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), filter paper, or a number of chromophoric substrates such as p-Nitrophenyl-based substrates [ 10].
Primarily due to the limitations of the assay methods that have been employed, most of the previous enzyme-cellulosic substrate interaction studies have used purified enzymes or reconstituted mixtures of purified enzymes [ 15, 16] and/ or model substrates such as pure cellulose or substrates with a very low lignin content [ 17, 18] to simplify the subsequent enzyme assays and analyses.
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