Model output quantities are validated against measurements, by self-consistency tests and through inter comparisons with other radiative transfer models.
In our model, these quantities are just two components of the attack rate: β1 and β2 scale that component proportional to the number of carriers (unisolated and isolated, respectively), while β0 quantifies the component independent of the number of carriers.
Although statistical significance comparisons are not appropriate for the small number of participants in some of the models, notable quantities are highlighted in bold.
In convex models and interval analysis models, the uncertain quantities are considered to be unknown except that they belong to given sets in an appropriate vector space.
In this UFPV model, all thermochemical quantities are parameterized by mixture fraction, reaction progress parameter, and stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate, eliminating the explicit dependence on a flamelet time scale.
In the above model system, all quantities are defined in arbitrary units, and only a few "realistic" choices are made.
The estimated parameters of the model and derived quantities are given in Table 1, and the estimated initial values are summarized in Supplementary file 3. The typical behavior of the model using these best-fit parameter estimates is shown together with the data in Figure 2, which reveals that Equations 1– 3 describe these in vitro data very well.
Sensor performance is usually evaluated a posteriori after numerous essays, in a probabilistic framework were unknwon quantities are modeled by random variables.
For such a setting with n processes and t tasks we study the problem of collectively performing the tasks under two different failure models: model Fa, where some fraction f of workers that are prone to returning arbitrary (e.g., incorrect) results and the probability p of such faulty behavior are not known a priori to the master, and model Fb when these quantities are known to the master.
Model equations and derived quantities are given in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.
