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The statistics for satellite estimates are better than those for model predictions, but satellite data tends to underpredict observation by a similar range to that of GSE scenario.
Process studies of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms controlling these emissions are advancing our understanding and the accuracy of model predictions but efforts to quantify regional emissions have been limited by a lack of constraints on regional distributions of ecosystem emission capacities.
Dissolved potassium, sodium, and nitrate concentrations follow similar trends as the model predictions, but the absolute concentrations are significantly higher.
Finally, occurrence data from the present and back through the paleontological record are needed to permit testing and validation of model predictions but are only partially digitized and thereby not easily and efficiently available to scientists.
Across regions, we found low bias in model predictions but only moderate precision (NMBF of −5.1% and NMEF of 24.4% across regions, respectively).
The approaches are ideally informed by detailed model predictions but ultimately these are empirical questions that have to be tested experimentally.
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Trends in the experimental data indicate that the deliquescence relative humidity of about 42% agrees with the model prediction, but yields a more KNO3 rich brine (about XNa 0.5) than predicted by the model.
As opposed to growth rates, Growth yields correlated negatively with the index of asymmetry consistent with the model prediction but we did not find the expected negative correlation between growth rates and growth yields.
Such variation could have been recreated easily by simply implementing the 'noise' parameters describing unaccounted-for variation, thereby introducing unexplained random variation to each model prediction; but this was not done here.
Global warming skeptics often fall back on the argument that the scientific case for global warming is all model predictions, nothing but simulation; they warn us that we need to wait for real data, "sound science". In A Vast Machine Paul Edwards has news for these skeptics: without models, there are no data.
Quantitative data presently are unavailable to test the model predictions directly, but patterns are consistent with comparative evidence from different species, and the model can be used to target ecological factors to investigate in future research.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com