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As field piles could be penetrated into even greater depths, we selected the maximum depth possible in the model piles to calculate the inner frictional resistance.
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Figure 5 shows the tensile load displacement curves for pile load tests conducted on model piles at the end of initial driving (EOID) as well as 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after the EOID.
Figure 34 relates the maximum upward movement of model pile groups to the maximum heave of soil surface (Spmax/Ssmax), plotted against the parameter (De2/H * L) for the specified tested soil taking into account the effect of pile spacing, pile lengths and diameters and the thickness of the expansive soil layer for helical piles with single and double helix plates.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Model piles (from left to right: precast concrete pile, open-ended steel pile, and closed-end steel pile).
The model piles were driven to an embedment depth of 2 m while their spacing was kept at five times pile diameter to prevent group effects on load transfer of the piles [25, 26].
A pile load testing frame was assembled at the test site to apply the axial load on model piles.
The frictional resistance of model piles obtained from the pull out test was used to determine the Kexp by substituting result values in Eq. 1 and the results are presented in Table 15 for different cases.
Seismic performance of pile foundation with improved soil subjected to Level 2 Earthquake wave was then verified by large-scale shaking table tests for model piles.
RC-with bending reinforcement pile tests involved testing of model piles with and without shear reinforcement.
Two small-scale model piles were tested in two different sand densities.
Three different steel fiber ratios by volume were utilized in the production of model piles.
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