Experimental systems, like model organisms are at least as important as focal points that organize research as theories.
Their primary model organisms are Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli and the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi.
What Martín-Durán and co-workers have highlighted is not that these model organisms are inappropriate 'reference species'10.
CRISPy mice, rats, and other model organisms are sure to facilitate advances in our understanding of alcohol use disorder.
As gene regulatory networks, even in these model organisms, are still very incomplete51, a small majority of the genes was not included in any known module (Supplementary Fig. 23).
Gene identifiers from ten popular model organisms are recognized by Metascape (see Methods), and automatic orthologue mapping enables gene lists to be analyzed in the context of species-specific databases across any of these ten organisms.
General model organisms are selected and used with the variety aspect of the representational criterion preeminent; experimental or Krogh-principle model organisms are selected and used with specificity preeminent.
An experimental system may involve one or several model organisms, and most model organisms are used in several experimental system.
Fortunately, however, recent breakthroughs in experimental evolution using model organisms are providing important insights into the process.
Because model organisms are utilized for experimental intervention, questions of representation must be juxtaposed with questions of manipulation (see the supplement on Model Organisms and Manipulation).
In general, model organisms are selected and used in such a way as to maximize both assortment and speed, but many trade-offs exist.
