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However, using animals as model organisms also bears immense caveats.
3) Natural population data is important, but model organisms also exist in nature, so this particular argument is logical fallacy.
Studies based on model organisms also fall within the scope of the Journal, provided that the results presented are evidently and directly relevant to human diseases.
In addition, as discussed below, studies in model organisms also enable examination of the combinatorial effect of two or more virulence factors, which is more challenging in intact mammals.
Additionally, interventions such as caloric restriction, which have been shown to retard aging in model organisms, also appear to have strong effects on cancer incidence, progression, and metastasis [ 16].
Model organisms also provide a focus for researchers to work on a common system, resulting in collaborative and complementary efforts that can yield rapid progress and development of further resources.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism also known as baker's yeast.
Other non-model organisms also report a high proportion of unannotated genes [Crustaceans, 60% [ 24]; Scallop, 73% [ 25]].
To understand the genetic architecture of floral development, including the origin and subsequent diversification of the flower, data are needed not only for a few model organisms but also for gymnosperms, basal angiosperm lineages and early-diverging eudicots.
This can be attributed not just to the growing use of genetically tractable model organisms, but also in large part to the rapid advances in optical techniques for neuroscience, which are ideally suited for application to the small, transparent brain of the larval fish.
As Schaffner recognizes, model organisms are also idealizations: organisms are selected for features not generalizable even to close relatives like rapid development, short generation time, small adult size, and insensitivity to environmental variation (Wimsatt 1998); strains are inbred to remove genetic diversity.
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