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Studying a mathematical model of trait and rate evolution, we show that the special nature of substitution rates can lead to a severe loss of power for standard comparative methods.
A mediational model of trait negative affectivity, dispositional thought suppression, and intrusive thoughts following laboratory stressors.
A bounded Gradual Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of trait evolution [25] was assumed, and parameters can be found in Supplemental Material 1.
Distance matrices were altered by using an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of trait evolution with the d parameter set to 1.005, thus making the tree more hierarchical.
Using Bayesian approaches to control for uncertainty in phylogeny and the model of trait evolution, we found that the number of females exerted a strong influence on the number of males in primate groups.
To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a reduction of enhanced conditioned fear responses in a psychopathological mouse model of trait anxiety through use of this drug.
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A new statistical model of trait-based environmental filtering can be a useful tool for exploring the logical consequences of this process while holding all other processes constant.
The addition to our model of trait-dependent assortative mating, and therefore reduced interbreeding between maladapted cultured escapes and wild fish, substantially decreases fitness effects of cultured escapees (Fig. 8).
Hunt, G., Hopkins, M. J. & Lidgard, S. Simple versus complex models of trait evolution and stasis as a response to environmental change.
We used continuous-time Markovian models of trait evolution to model four hypotheses for the evolution of migration in bats.
Models of trait evolution under GLS can be compared using a likelihood-ratio (LR) test in which LR = 2[log-likelihood of the better-fitting model−log-likelihood of the worse-fitting model].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com