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In Brazil, Turkey, and Israel, the movements say: "we want development, but not this development". Castells is arguing that the movements must be seen as a direct and explicit critique of the model of top down urban development.
We developed a comprehensive model of top managers' credibility through a field study involving 146 respondents: employees in a transportation company and evening MBA students employed in a variety of organizations.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Boundary conditions of the FE model of top- and seat-angle connections.
The FE models similar to the experimental specimens A1, A2 and Test 3 are used for examination of the applicability of selected FE model of top- and seat-angle connection.
Two experiments identified as A1 and A2 and tested by Azizinamini et al. (1985), one experiment nominated as Test 3 and tested by Harper (1990) and sixteen advanced FE analysis performed by Ahmed (2002) are used to assess the proposed formulation of determining M u and M θ r relation prediction model of top- and seat-angle connections.
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The story of the railway is a parable of "developmentalism", the east Asian-inspired model of top-down development championed by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which has ruled the country unchallenged for 27 years.
"Instead of using the MoMA model, of top-quality works shown to illustrate the history of style, they're using lesser-known works that are expressions of a culture — which is what you get in the Met's Roman galleries and the Egyptian galleries.
From making the Guardian the first British news organisation to employ a readers' editor to launching an opinion site that inverted the traditional model of top-down newspaper commentary, he put the Guardian at the forefront of digital innovation and the changed relationships of this new era.
As business becomes more fast-paced, fluid and interdependent, the old model of top-down command and control has given way to agile, collaborative management.
Muhiyyidin prefers Sanders to Clinton, but distrusts the traditional model of "top-down" party politics.
Integration of these theoretical positions in a reciprocal causality model of "top-down" personality factors and "bottom-up" situational variables has been proposed [ 14, 15].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com