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To test for a correlation between genetic and geographic distance (expected under a model of isolation by distance), Mantel tests [ 76] were performed using ISOLATION BY DISTANCE WEB SERVICE version 3.16 [ 77] with 10,000 randomizations to assess the significance of distance correlations.
Genetic differentiation between population pairs did not fit a model of isolation by distance at the microgeographical level.
This study was designed to determine the impact of an enriched environment in a previously established stress model of isolation during early development that induces high alcohol (ethanol) self-administration.
This suggests that the evolution of the lactase gene cannot be simply explained by a model of isolation by distance.
The observed patterns of morphological and genetic differences among D. dianthus populations are consistent with a model of isolation and subsequent divergence.
Indeed, a significant and positive correlation is expected between genetic and geographic variation under a simple model of isolation by distance [17], [18].
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However, the exact parameters of a model of isolation-by-time and space are currently unclear.
We base our alternative hypothetical models on a null evolutionary model of isolation-by-geographic and temporal distance.
Our null model of cultural diffusion allows for admixture between Mesolithic and Neolithic populations living contemporaneously under a model of isolation-by-distance.
Coalescent-based estimates under a model of isolation-with-migration support gene flow between A. alosa and A. fallax.
However, upon removal of outlier loci, there is a strong relationship between genetic and geographical distance indicating an equilibrium model of isolation-by-distance.
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