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We propose a prototype of a GIS-based spatially explicit model of dispersal agent behavior (SEMODAR) to simulate the seed dispersal process by considering the unique behavioral characteristics of each seed dispersal agent.
In contrast, a wave-like model of dispersal of RYMV, which postulates its initial diversification in East Africa, followed by westward spread across the continent, was developed, refined and dated.
The results indicate that F. graminearum population dynamics in Canada have been influenced by a complex adaptive landscape comprising different regional selective pressures, and do not reflect a simple model of dispersal and integration following the introduction of a novel pathogen population.
These estimated dates of divergence of the study populations clearly show that the stepping stone model of dispersal cannot explain the evolutionary history of the Shortwing.
This model of dispersal has only one degree of freedom, allowing to more easily explore the variability of the response.
Genetic differentiation (F ST ) among populations increased with geographical distances, as expected under a linear stepping-stone model of dispersal.
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This study highlights the necessity of researchers to declare their conceptual models of dispersal when applying modeled dispersal curves to grid landscapes.
However, there is a gap between modeling approaches and empirical studies in that the number and sophistication of theoretical models of dispersal far exceeds our knowledge of actual animal movements.
We explored the utility of incorporating easily measured, biologically realistic movement rules into simple models of dispersal.
The three models of dispersal are each valid conceptualizations of the dispersal process, but when given the same dispersal curve parameters, they produce different distributions of dispersed items across grid landscapes.
This study demonstrates the MCUP by developing three conceptual models of dispersal and showing how they produce different results even when given the same initial dispersal curves and areal units.
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