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The model of constraint on males is the exact reverse: the similarity between the sexes is due to male phenotypes being constrained by the conspecific female phenotypes.
In the model of constraint on females, males evolve independently and the similarity between the sexes is entirely due to the evolution of females being constrained by the conspecific male phenotypes.
For the PC1 of total coloration there was a non-significant trend for rejecting the model of constraint on males by the same statistics as above (DSD and DRS, P = 0.16 and 0.17).
Likewise, in the model of constraint on males, male scores cannot be lower than the conspecific female scores (when that happens the male score is automatically reset to be equal to the female's), and are pulled towards the conspecific female phenotype by a constant proportion of phenotypic differences.
For total coloration the results are intermediate between those for carotenoids and melanins: the models of constraint on females and of mutual constraint were not rejected, and the model of constraint on males was rejected (DSD and DRS, P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively; Table 2).
For carotenoid coloration, the Carduelis data fall within the interval of confidence of the model of constraint on females for all statistics, and both the models of constraint on males and of mutual constraint were rejected as explaining the similarity between the sexes (statistics: DSD and DRS, both P < 0.01; Table 2).
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A model of constraint-based mining has thus been developed [5, 24].
Therefore, a model of constraint-based mining is necessary when their needs and interests are the top priority.
Even for carotenoid coloration, for which the models of constraint on males and mutual constraint were rejected, these mechanisms can have occasional effects.
It initially uses two quality models (the quality model of translational constraint and the quality model of rotational constraint) to combinatorically represent the quality of caging and finds the optimized finger positions (finger positions that have large robustness to perception noises) by maximizing the margins to caging breaking.
The relaxed branch-site test rejected the null model of selective constraint (0 < ω ≤ 1) indicating that the foreground branch diverged in this region by relaxed selective constraint or by positive selection (Table 2).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com