Our model involves the use of ambiguous stimuli to facilitate decision-making by promoting analogical reasoning.
Alternative choices of clock model, partitioning scheme, treatment of ambiguous characters, and outgroup inclusion resulted in rate increments ranging from 28% (HUWE1) to 1000% (LSU-B and ITS2) and increments in the TMRCA of Carabus ranging from 8.4% (cox1-A) to 540% (ITS2).
The global dN/dS ratio was estimated along with 95% confidence intervals using the HKY model of nucleotide substitution, with ambiguous characters resolved according to the most likely solution given by the model.
Major differences on both the rates and the TMRCA of Carabus are obtained in the case of the nuclear ribosomal genes, which reach a fourfold variation between analyses involving different clock models, as well as inclusion/exclusion of ambiguous characters and/or outgroups.
Overall, we have conducted a total of 152 independent calibration analyses on individual and concatenated DNA matrices, using different outgroups, clock models, partition schemes and alternative treatments of ambiguous characters.
Furthermore, the GENCODE comprehensive set includes two classes of transcripts that lack CDS: 'retained intron' transcripts, and those where the truncated nature of the supporting evidence makes the coding potential of the model ambiguous ('processed transcripts').
Resource constraints, pre-existing programs of a different model, and ambiguous accountability for implementation impeded spread.
Our model makes two unique testable predictions independent of sensory modality that distinguish it from other models of dynamic Bayesian integration: 1) percepts of ambiguous stimuli are biased toward stimuli with larger sensory representations; 2) ambiguous sensory input leads to a non-selective increase in baseline activity of all coding neurons.
It has been observed that visual polysemy and visual synonymy are the root causes behind the induction of ambiguous visual words in the traditional BoVW model.
This review focuses on basic models of allostery, the ambiguous application of the allosteric term in pharmacology illustrated by receptors, the role of thermodynamics in allosteric mechanisms, evolution and design of allostery.
