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The channel model includes path-loss, shadowing, and fading.
The model includes path-loss with distance-dependent probability for line of sight (LOS) links and shadowing with wall losses.
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The transmission channel model includes path loss, shadow, and multipath fading model which follows the parameters of Table 1.
Furthermore, the underlying channel model includes path loss effects which takes into account the position of the mobile user with respect to the reference base station BS0.
Comprehensive channel model: we employ a detailed radio channel propagation model that includes path loss attenuation, log-normal (LN) shadowing and Nakagami-m fading as described in Section 2. 2.
Additionally, we evaluate the two-tier coexistence scenarios considering a practical radio channel propagation model which includes path loss attenuation, shadowing and multi-path fading.
In the simulation, we employ a path loss model [23], which includes path loss, show fading, and frequency non-selective fading because the rich scattering environment is given by h m n = c ∕ d m n p, where h mn and d mn, respectively, denote the link gain and the distance from node m to n, c is attenuation constant, and p is the path loss exponent.
where α depends on the transmission channel which can include path-loss and shadow fading.
It includes path loss, fading and shadowing.
This includes path loss and shadowing.
The channel model parameters for the air interface include path loss, slow fading and fast fading models.
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