The former is analogous to models formulated in the context of classical density functional theory (CDFT), for example, phase-field crystal modeling, including elastic and plastic deformation and multiple crystal orientations (e.g., Elder and Grant 2004; Elder et al. 2007; Provatas and Elder 2010), as based on the free energy functional.
The second type is continuum-based modeling, which includes elastic beam models (Yoon et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2008; Kuang et al. 2009) and elastic shell theories (Yakobson et al. 1997; Nguyen et al. 2009; Yan et al. 2009; Liew & Wang 2007).
The finite element model includes an elastic 40-km-thick upper continental plate, an elastic 80-km-thick subducting slab, and viscoelastic continental and oceanic upper mantles (Figure 2a).
The model includes dynamic elastic properties and rock strength property distributions in both vertical and horizontal directions within the reservoir and provides an ideal basis to understand hydraulic fracturing and wellbore stability.
This method includes elastic plus rigid-plastic analyses of a 3-span, single-stiffener model.
Other continuous models that include elastic long range interactions together with poro-elastic behavior have also been developed and show self-induced seismicity when shear rupture is dominant over the fluid migration process [Aochi et al. (2014)].
Dolsek and Fajfar (2002) also defined a tri-linear response of the single-strut model, including an elastic, hardening and post-capping branch.
The model includes an unbalanced flexible rotor with elastic bearings.
The analysis model includes the effects of elastic couplings, shell wall thickness, torsion warping, and constrained warping.
Their quasi-static model includes sliders connected by springs that incorporate elastic stress redistribution.
