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As an example, the residual error model for urine dapagliflozin is shown (Eqs.
The time courses already suggested better coverage of plasma data by the HMGU model; for urine the situation is not that clear.
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The least statistically significant predictor was eliminated in each step, and the final base models for urine and hair mercury were derived by retaining all significant predictors (p < 0.05).
We summarise our study with a proposed model for the urine reprocessing pathway and the role of each cell type or segment of the antennal gland.
Logistic regression models controlling for urine specific gravity, sex, parental asthma, and income were used to estimate associations between current asthma and phthalate metabolite concentrations by quartiles or as log10-transformed variables.
The c-statistics illustrated that the unadjusted models for both urine pH and urine acid excretion did not discriminate any better than chance, while the adjusted models had a good ability to predict who would have a fracture (Table 4).
Model C adjusted for urine dilution by including creatinine as a model covariate (log10-adjusted concentration in micrograms per liter).
Urine creatinine was included in the adjusted models to control for urine concentration.
For urine cadmium, all models were adjusted for urine creatinine to account for variations in dilution in spot urine samples (Barr et al. 2005).
As an alternative, we included age-specific creatinine z-scores in regression models to adjust for urine dilution.
In addition, we included urinary creatinine concentration as a covariate in models to account for urine dilution.
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