To account for the effects of diameter on growth and mortality rate, we repeated the mixed models for saplings (all trees <50 mm dbh) and canopy trees (all >200 mm).
We developed a functional structural plant model for Fagus crenata saplings and calculated annual photosynthetic gains to determine the influences of foliar phenology and shoot inclination on the carbon economy of saplings.
This is the median growth, or the fitted survival rate, of all resident species vs. foreign species averaged across the five habitats, based on the results of six mixed models run in R: separate growth and mortality models for all individuals combined, then for saplings and trees.
This is the median growth, or the fitted survival rate, of all averaged across the five preference groups, based on the results of six mixed models run in R: separate growth and mortality models for all individuals combined, then for saplings and trees.
Table 1 AIC and coefficients of models which had ΔAIC < 2 compared to the lowest AIC model for explaining the occurrence of debarking on saplings AIC ΔAIC Elevation zonea 2500 m Dist.
To evaluate the importance of simultaneous foliar phenology and slanting shoots in beech saplings, we calculated the photosynthetic budgets for saplings with contrasting foliar phenologies and shoot inclinations.
Data for saplings were obtained in both understory environments and open areas or large gaps.
However, Sycamore exhibited slightly higher survival rates for saplings than adults.
For saplings, however, the effect of browsing can be severe [ 26].
CO2 efflux measurements were conducted during freezing experiments for saplings of three Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and three Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees under laboratory conditions, and the magnitudes of the freezing-related bursts of CO2 released from the stems were analysed using a previously published mechanistic model of CO2 production, storage, diffusion and efflux from a tree stem.
