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To correct the model for confounding, changes in the estimates were checked when removing variables.
24 We evaluated each aggregated time series model for confounding by seasonality.
It should also be noted that the selection of covariates to be included in the statistical model for confounding adjustment requires careful considerations regarding cause and effect.
The associations between animal-level factors and brucellosis seropositivity, adjusted in the multivariable model for confounding both by the other animal-level factors and by state and management system, are shown in Table 4.
Sensitivity analyses and characteristics of the first-stage statistical model for confounding adjustment have been explored for particulate matter (PM), with results indicating that national average estimates are robust to model specification for weather and seasonal confounding (Peng et al. 2005; Welty and Zeger 2005).
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The differences were attenuated when we adjusted the models for confounding factors, particularly sociodemographic covariates: 1.6 (−1.6 to 4.7) and 2.2 (−0.6 to 5.0) at ages 3 and 5, respectively.
However, the use of a large nationally representative survey sample with a very high response rate (96.4%), appropriate statistical adjustments for survey design and modelling for confounding effects add strength to the validity of the findings.
This model corrected for confounding factors including therapeutic intervention.
A linear model allowing for confounding effects and the interaction between high or low LH scores supported these results.
Costs associated with adverse events were estimated using a linear regression model, adjusting for confounding factors such as age, sex and comorbidity when appropriate.
By their nature these mixed models adjust for confounding by a dropout process.
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