This model enforces a distribution of the fitted rates greatly different to the data (Fig. 3A, α = 0.33 s−1).
For both data sets, the Bayes Factor (BF) favored, in general, models enforcing a relaxed molecular clock over strict clock models (Table 1).
Based on twice the natural logarithm of Bayes factor [48], [49], models enforcing a relaxed clock over a strict clock were supported, regardless of gene or subtype.
For all the subsequent calculations implementing various demographic models (see below) the subtype specific rate was employed as mean fixed rate for models enforcing a strict molecular clock, and as mean fixed rate with exponentially distributed evolutionary rates as prior for models enforcing a relaxed molecular clock [34].
Furthermore, the proposed model enforces an explicit diversification stage during the evolution in order to avoid local optimum.
As comparing model (8) with model (4), both the constraint ∥x∥2=1 in model (4) and the constraint ∥Φ x∥1=p in model (8), the only difference between both models, enforce a non-trivial solution.
Conventional classification schemes assume that the targets are nominal and hence ignore their ranked nature, whereas parametric and/or non-parametric regression models enforce a metric notion of distance between classes.
But it has nothing to do with morality and everything to do with a dysfunctional currency union, a destructive neoliberal economic model enforced by treaty and an austerity regime maintained to ensure a return to profitability on corporate terms.
Because the overcomplete dictionary model enforces the use of only a few basis patches, the data is sparse under the dictionary.
If collision detection is performed with only one side of a spatula model, enforced displacement can be detected without culling collision pairs.
