The proposed framework is formulated and exemplified for a typical Californian Hospital building using a simplified recovery model, considering direct and indirect losses in its physical system and in the population served by the system.
The model considered direct and indirect medical costs necessary to treat each case of disease, each myringotomy, and any vaccine-acquisition costs.
Single leaf gas exchange data were scaled up to the canopy level using a simple radiative model that considers direct beam and diffuse PAR penetration into the canopy.
Acid-induced ALI, LPS-induced ALI, E. coli pneumonia, and other experimental ALI models were considered direct models because the injurious agents (such as HCl, bleomycin, endotoxin, E. coli, and influenza virus) were instilled into the air spaces with initial direct contact with pulmonary epithelium [ 5, 49– 51].
The model only considered direct health care costs borne by payers and excluded indirect costs incurred by society as a result of employed parents taking time off work.
Single interference models only consider direct collisions, where the high-power transmission of a reader interferes with the low-power answers of tags to another reader.
The model considers four factors: direct and secondary impacts of rainstorms, interdependency between network components, and recovery abilities of cities.
Model 2 assumes a single dispersal event into the New World; this model considers Paleoamericans as direct local ancestors to Amerindians.
Sen and Sajja's [26] reputation model considers both types of direct experiences: direct interaction and observed interaction, while the main idea behind the reputation model presented by Carter et al. [4] is that the reputation of an agent is based on the degree of fulfilment of roles ascribed to it by the society.
This model considered only direct medical costs including those associated with drug acquisition, general practitioner (GP) visits and specialist visits, examinations, and hospitalizations.
