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But even when you're doing a linear regression and choosing amongst models with different slopes, that's model choice as well.
Model choice as well as calibration strategy hence have a critical impact on low flows, more than on peak flows.
Because model choice as performed by ProtTest can lead to underestimating uncertainty, the maximum likelihood analyses were complemented by a Bayesian analysis that integrates over different models of evolution: rather than selecting an a priori empirical model of substitution, a reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJ-MCMC) was constructed to integrate over model uncertainty [57].
It is of interest to understand the factors affecting model choice as these may aid identification of novel RNA genes or the classification of existing genes.
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In Sect. 2 we introduce our neural field model of choice, as well as the form of the stochastic threshold, namely its steady state distribution and spatial covariance structure.
Running data will be collected objectively through a GPS-watch or an application for Android- or iOS-based smartphones, of which the brand and model are free of choice, as long as it is able to measure running distance (kilometers), duration (time), and pace (minutes/kilometers).
All the existing multiple testing procedures have been developed without considering a proper model choice, so that, as Lee and Bjørnstad [ 4] showed, existing methods may not maintain the stated FDR level if any of their model assumptions are wrong.
Using this method, the general guidelines for important model choice issues such as choosing an appropriate response distribution and determining a suitable predictor specification can be obtained based on quantile residuals, the deviance information criterion and proper scoring rules.
Besides model choice criteria such as DIC, CPO or graphical techniques, the comparison and ranking of different competing models can be based on proper scoring rules which were proposed by Gneiting and Raftery [ 33] for assessing the quality of probabilistic forecasts (see [ 34- 362]62] for more details).
Individually, p-values ranged between 0.094 for physical activity at work and 0.914 for XRCC1 [see Supplemental Material, Table 3 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002118)], whereas no risk factor was selected in a multivariate logistic regression with forward or backward selection as model choice tool.
In fact, the Bayesian framework recognizes that model choice possess uncertainty insofar as a particular model is typically chosen based on prior knowledge of the problem at hand and the variables that have been used in previously specified models.
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