And statistical models can correct common and obvious mistakes: text a friend "on the way mow" and, even though "mow" is an English word, some software will know to correct it to "on the way now", since "mow" is a relatively uncommon word, virtually never preceded by "on the way".
It has been shown in simulations and it is often claimed that substitution models can correct some of these effects [ 42- 47], but there is no way to discover without background knowledge whether the phylogeny is plausible and whether the selected model conveniently corrects for misleading events.
We then apply an existing MIL algorithm to learn a classification model that can correct predict the labels for the bags.
While standard normalizations failed to account for the effects of degradation, we found that by explicitly controlling for the effects of RIN using a linear model framework we can correct for the majority of these effects.
Variance component approaches, such as efficient mixed-model association (EMMA), can correct for a wide range of sample structures by explicitly accounting for pairwise relatedness between individuals, using high-density SNP markers to model the phenotype distribution [ 44].
However, by also using SNPs that tag confounders in a separate similarity matrix, our model can additionally correct for confounders, as has been done in a single-SNP test GWAS setting (Kang et al., 2010; Lippert et al., 2011; Listgarten et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2006).
This technique can correct for model resolution as well as model biases.
We have identified two evolutionary processes that can confound association analyses and have defined two corresponding generative models for discrete data that can correct for and even leverage the existence of these processes.
By incorporating statistical techniques that are now widely used in other sciences — genetics, economic modeling, even wildlife monitoring — social scientists can correct for such problems, saving themselves (and, ahem, science reporters) time, effort and embarrassment.
This analysis illustrates that at all expression levels considered, many observed deviations between expressed sequence and predicted model can be corrected by this method.
