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In what the author calls a "homeland security Chaos Monkey model" a constant but predictable governmental escalation in the war on drugs plays the role of a failure signal to build resilience in the narcotics system: Any success by governmental agents sends stigmergic signals to criminal agents.
In the 1PL model, a constant discrimination a j is assumed across items.
"He has been a great role model, a constant professional, and someone who I consider a very good friend," explained Robinson on the Whitecaps' website.
In a two-state IL model, a constant w implies that (m RU + m UR) is fixed (cf. "The IL solution in the two-state model" section); hence, a change in one rate must be offset by an equal and opposite change in the other.
In the current model, a constant viscosity for the mantle flow is assumed for simplicity, and this tends to suppress temperature along the subducting slab (e.g., van Keken et al. 2002) and elemental partitioning to the fluid at the dehydration condition (e.g., Kessel et al. 2005), when compared to the alternative thermal model (Syracuse et al. 2010; Figure 6).
Whereas RST requires a specific slip rate distribution to model a constant tectonic background seismicity that changes in response to a stress field superimposed on the tectonic shear loading, CPT requires assumptions on the spatial distribution of criticality only and includes no tectonic background seismicity.
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Figure 1 Two-dimensional conductance models.(A) Constant model, (B) AMK2003 model and (C) BGS2012 model.
Briefly, these models were a constant model, a Hill model and as gain loss model (the product of two Hill functions with a shared top).
A test of the full model against a constant model was statistically significant (chi-squared statistics = 149, P = 7.9 · 10−29, df = 7).
As a result, in the Rhine Alarm-Model a constant skewness coefficient (equal to 1) has been applied.
We thus considered in all models a constant size for the three modern human populations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com